6 Best Positive Reinforcement Tips For Teachers & Parents

Table of Contents:

1. What is Positive Reinforcement
2. Types of Positive Reinforcement
3. Examples of Positive Reinforecement
4. How Reinforcement Schedules Work
5. Positive Reinforcement in Classroom: Tips for Teachers
6. Positive Reinforcement at Home: Tips for Parents
7. Positive Reinforcement in Games
8. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)

Remember the joy of getting a star on your hand from your primary teacher when you did well in a class test? How did that feel? Did it influence your behavior in a good way? Did it motivate you to perform better the next time? Well, that is positive reinforcement.

Positive Reinforcement is a reward for doing something well. It makes the occurrence of the desired behavior more likely to take place. There are mainly two types of reinforcements – positive & negative.

Positive Reinforcement – What is it?

Positive reinforcement is a term coined by a famous psychologist B.F. Skinner. The concept is very well-known in the theory of Operant Conditioning.

According to this theory, positive reinforcement is an extremely powerful behavior management strategy that focuses on changing existing behaviors or creating new ones by offering a favorable stimulus like reward or praise. These rewards and praises increase the probability of the desired behavior. 

Sometimes, positive reinforcement happens very naturally. For example, when we help someone in need, we may immediately receive a thank you. This most likely motivates us to help others in the future, thereby encouraging our attitude towards helping others.

However, positive reinforcement works best when it is planned and used deliberately. It yields great results when it is used to create new behaviors or to strengthen the existing behaviors in a formal setting like a training camp or a classroom. 

Let us understand this better by discussing the types of positive reinforcements.

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Positive Reinforcement – Types

Positive reinforcements are differentiated on the basis of a positive stimulus, also known as the reinforcer.

A reinforcer is a reward, event, or action associated with the desired behavior. The stimulus or the reinforcer, reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the behavior will reoccur.

These can be categorized into five kinds: 

1. Natural or Direct Reinforcers

These types of positive reinforcers are used as a result of the desired behavior. This is essentially known as an intrinsic type of reinforcement for which the reinforcer does not have to put in much effort.

For example, a student studying well for the exam to gain the teacher’s attention; or a kid making their own bed to make their mom happy.

Related Reading: Best Teaching Strategies for This Year

2. Social Reinforcers

These types of positive reinforcers are used when a child (or an adult) seeks social recognition from friends, family, and peers. Mainly, it’s the acknowledgment or the approval of the desired behavior.

For example, a teacher praising a student in front of the entire class. Or a parent saying ‘well done’ or ‘good job’ when a child helps them in doing household chores. 

3. Tangible Reinforcers

These types of positive reinforcers are physical or monetary reinforcers like cash, toys, treats, awards, bonuses, etc. These physical reinforcers are used to reinforce the desired behaviors. This is the most commonly used form of positive reinforcement.

However, these kinds of reinforcers require a lot of consideration and caution, or else they may be perceived as a bribe.

4. Token Reinforcers

These types of positive reinforcers are tokens. They are used in the form of points and stars as rewards. Even though these have little value of their own, they can be exchanged for something of value in return.

For example, a teacher can allot points for specific behaviors and later can reward the student who scores the maximum points.

5. Activity Reinforcers

This type is the most powerful form of positive reinforcement. The students (or adults) are allowed to participate or indulge in the activity of their choice.

The activities include games, sports, screen time, playtime, etc. The promise of spending time doing their favorite activity strengthens the desired behaviors. 

Positive Reinforcement – Examples in Day-to-Day Life

The concept of positive reinforcement is not entirely understood a lot of the time. It is expected to be used in limited situations like classrooms and training settings, but positive reinforcement often occurs in everyday situations.

Here are a few examples of positive reinforcement in our daily lives that we tend to miss: 

• A mother praising her kid for doing homework independently
• A teacher giving free time to the students for staying quiet during the class
• An employer giving bonus to an employee for not taking any sick leaves during the year
• Prime parking slots being reserved in malls for those who use electric vehicles
• Dietician giving a cheat meal for sticking to a healthy diet for an entire month
• Brands introducing rewards programs to build customer loyalty
  

How Do Reinforcement Schedules Work?

Choosing the right kind of reinforcement is not enough. It’s timing also plays an important role in its effectiveness.

Hence, different schedules of reinforcement come in handy to increase the effectiveness of the reinforcers used. 

The schedule of reinforcement refers to the frequency and manner in which the desired behavior is reinforced.

The two major types of reinforcement schedules are:

1. Continuous Reinforcement

In this type of schedule, the desired behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. This schedule is most suitable when teaching a new behavior because it leads to immediate results by creating a strong association between the behavior and response.

Be that as it may, continuous reinforcement is time-consuming and leads to satiation a lot sooner than the other types of reinforcement. 

2. Partial Reinforcement

In this type of schedule, the desired behaviors are not reinforced each time they occur. The behaviors are reinforced at an interval that is either fixed or variable. The intervals are set to maximize the effectiveness of the reinforcers. This schedule is most suitable when a behavior has already been established. 

There are four kinds of partial schedules, according to different needs and purposes:

Fixed Ratio

The behavior is reinforced after a specific number of occurrences. For instance –  after every two responses. 

Variable Ratio

The behavior is reinforced after a variable number of occurrences. For instance – after the first response, then after the third response, and then maybe after the fifth response.

Fixed Interval

The behavior is reinforced after a specific period. For instance – after every alternate hour or a day or a week.

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Variable Interval

The behavior is reinforced after a variable period. For instance – after one minute, then after thirty minutes, and then after ten minutes. 

Schedules of reinforcement can play an important role in the effectiveness of the reinforcement.

For example, while forming a new habit in a classroom or at home, parents can use the continuous reinforcement schedule. Once a habit is formed, parents may change it to a partial reinforcement schedule, depending on the need and the kind of behavior being reinforced.

Positive Reinforcement in Classrooms: Tips for Teachers

Positive reinforcement is a well-proven and research-based classroom management technique. It works for almost all kinds of classrooms, learners, and situations. The only aspects that always need to be in consideration are which behaviors need to be reinforced and how often. 

Here are a few tips for teachers to effectively implement the reinforcement strategies:

Target one behavior at a time

Every learner displays multiple behaviors, hence it is very important for the teacher to target specific types of reinforcement for specific behaviors. It is highly advisable to focus on one or two behaviors at a time so that the child clearly identifies the reward linked to each behavior. This could be done by creating specific reinforcement plans for each behavior. 

Use the most suitable kind of reinforcement

What motivates us may not be motivating for a child as children think differently as compared to adults. Hence, choosing the right kind of reinforcement tool is very important. One of the most effective ways would be to present the child with a variety of options and let them choose what works for them. 

Deliver and monitor the right kind of reinforcement

Introducing the reinforcer when the behavior has already been established will not have the desired effect. Hence, delivering the right kind of reinforcement at the right time is very important.

Also, using the same type of reinforcement for a longer period will lead to satiation. Hence, monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the reinforcement and changing it before it satiates is extremely crucial. 

Positive Reinforcement at Home: Tips for Parents

Positive reinforcement is one of the best and the most effective strategies used for positive parenting. Praise, affection, appreciation, privileges are all common parts of parenting, so positive reinforcement comes naturally to parents. Just like adults, kids also crave acknowledgment and recognition for the efforts they put in.

Parents, these tips would help you to use positive reinforcement at home more effectively!

Prefer intangible rewards over tangible rewards

Use praise more than treats, toys, or allowance. This is because intrinsic motivation (motivation without any physical rewards) always goes longer than extrinsic motivation (motivation with physical rewards).

Praise them for their efforts and not just for the results

Efforts are equally important as results. Hence, providing constructive feedback on kids’ efforts is as important as celebrating their victories. 

For example, saying ‘I am proud of you for studying so hard’, works better than saying  ‘well done for scoring such amazing grades’.

Provide timely reinforcement

The choice and time of reinforcement play an equally important role in its effectiveness. Naturally, reinforcing a behavior immediately after it has been displayed is proven to be much more effective than a delayed reinforcement. 

The Other Side of Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is an extremely powerful tool that is used to strengthen existing behaviors or create new behaviors. But one thing that cannot be ignored is that it can also strengthen undesirable behavior. 

Parents tend to pay more attention to their kids when they misbehave, which in turn reinforces the kid’s behavior. The kid will most likely repeat the same behavior because they know that they can grab their parents’ attention. The more they misbehave, the more attention they will gather which eventually leads to a positive reinforcement trap. 

In such cases, parents not only need to think of the most suitable type of reinforcement, be it positive or negative reinforcement but also the timing of the reinforcement. 

Thus, positive reinforcement is much more than getting a star from the teacher. It can prove to be a very effective behavior management strategy in the classroom and at home. But if not used properly, it may turn out to be counterproductive as a result of the positive reinforcement trap. 

Positive Reinforcement & Games – A Powerful Duo!  

Games are a perfect example of positive reinforcement.

Research shows that positive reinforcement has been associated with an increased propensity to play a game that has a reward system in place. This is because players like to be acknowledged for their accomplishments and will most probably stop playing a game if they are not rewarded. Thus, games can use positive reinforcement to develop desired behaviors, especially in the field of children’s education.

Related Reading: Best Tips & Strategies to Teach English Language

SplashLearn games are a perfect example of how positive reinforcement in games can be used. These games not only teach new concepts but also help kids practice and strengthen their understanding of concepts that they have already learned.

SplashLearn games use many rewards including collectibles and avatar customization that works perfectly for providing the right kind of positive reinforcement at the right time. 

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)