Prime Numbers – Definition with Examples

What Are Prime Numbers? 

Prime numbers are numbers greater than 1. They only have two factors, 1 and the number itself. This means these numbers cannot be divided by any number other than 1 and the number itself without leaving a remainder.

Numbers that have more than 2 factors are known as composite numbers.

Examples and Non-examples of Prime Numbers

Difference Between Prime Number and Composite Number

How to Find Prime Numbers

In the third century BCE, the Greek mathematician Eratosthenes found a very simple method of finding prime numbers. 

Follow the given steps to identify the prime numbers between 1 and 100.

Step 1: Make a hundred charts. 

Step 2: Leave 1 as it is neither a prime number nor a composite number.

Step 3: Encircle 2 and cross out all its multiples as they are not prime. 

Step 4: Encircle the next uncrossed number, which is 3, and cross out all its multiples. Ignore the previously crossed-out numbers like 6, 12, 18, and so on.

Step 5: Continue the process of encircling the next uncrossed number and crossing out its multiples till all the numbers in the table are either encircled or crossed out, except 1.

So, from the table, it is clear that 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 are the prime numbers. 

There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100.

Terms Related to Prime Numbers

Co-Primes: Two numbers are said to be co-prime if they have only one common factor, that is, 1. It is not necessary for these numbers to be prime numbers. For example, 9 and 10 are co-primes. Let’s verify.

Note that pairs of any 2 prime numbers are always co-primes. This is because, out of their two factors, the common factor can only be 1. So, (3, 5), (11, 19) are some examples of co-primes.

Twin-Primes: A pair of prime numbers are known as twin primes if there is only one composite number between them. For example, (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), etc.

List of Prime Numbers between 1 and 100

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97

There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100.

List of Prime Numbers between 1 and 200

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199

There are 46 prime numbers between 1 and 200.

List of Prime Numbers between 1 and 1,000

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283, 293, 307, 311, 313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353, 359, 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433, 439, 443, 449, 457, 461, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 521, 523, 541, 547, 557, 563, 569, 571, 577, 587, 593, 599, 601, 607, 613, 617, 619, 631, 641, 643, 647, 653, 659, 661, 673, 677, 683, 691, 701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761, 769, 773, 787, 797, 809, 811, 821, 823, 827, 829, 839, 853, 857, 859, 863, 877, 881, 883, 887, 907, 911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 991, 997.

Some Facts about Prime Numbers

• 2 is the smallest prime number.
• 2 is the only prime number that is an even number.
• 2 and 3 are the only consecutive prime numbers.
• Except for 0 and 1, a whole number is either a prime number or a composite number.
• All odd numbers are not prime numbers. For example, 21, 39, etc.
• No prime number greater than 5 ends in a 5.
• Sieve of Eratosthenes is one of the earliest methods of finding prime numbers.
• Prime numbers get rarer as the number gets bigger.
• There is no largest prime number. The largest known prime number (as of September 2021) is $2^{82,589,933}$ − 1, a number that has 24,862,048 digits when written in base 10. By the time you read this, it may be even larger.

Solved Examples on Prime Numbers

Example 1: Classify the given numbers as prime numbers or composite numbers.

13, 48, 49, 23, 74, 80, 71, 59, 45, 47

Solution:

Prime Numbers	Composite Numbers
13, 23, 71, 59, 47	48, 49, 74, 80, 45

Example 2: Express 21 as the sum of two odd primes.

Solution: 

21 = 19 + 2

Example 3: What prime numbers are there between 20 and 30?

Solution:

The prime numbers between 20 and 30 are 23 and 29.

Example 4: What is the greatest prime number between 80 and 90?

Solution:

The prime numbers between 80 and 90 are 83 and 89.

So, 89 is the greatest prime number between 80 and 90.

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Practice Problems on Prime Numbers

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Frequently Asked Questions on Prime Numbers